Should You Pursue Graduate Study in English Pros and Cons

The decision to pursue graduate study in English, like other fields, is complex — part emotional and part rational. The emotional side of the equation is powerful. Becoming the first in your family to earn a graduate degree, being called Doctor, and living a life of the mind are all tempting rewards. However, the decision of whether to study English at the graduate level also entails pragmatic considerations. In a difficult economic climate, the question becomes even more perplexing. Here are 4 reasons to be wary of a graduate degree in English - and one reason to embrace it. 1. Competition for Entry to Graduate Study in English Is Stiff Admissions standards for many graduate programs in English are tough. Request applications from the top Ph.D. programs and the applications will be accompanied by warnings not to apply if you do not have a particular GRE verbal score and a high undergraduate GPA (for example, at least a 3.7). 2. Earning a Ph.D. in English Takes Time. Graduate students in English can expect to remain in school for at least 5 years and as many as 10 years. English students often take longer to complete their dissertations than do science students. Each year in graduate school is another year without full-time income. 3. Graduate Students in English Have Fewer Funding Sources Than Do Science Students Some English students work as teaching assistants and receive some tuition remissions benefits or a stipend. Most students pay for all of their education. Science students are often funded by grants that their professors write to support their research. Science students often receive full tuition remission and a stipend during graduate school. Graduate study is expensive. Students can expect to pay from $20,000-40,000 per year in tuition. so the amount of funding a student receives is important to his or her economic well being long after graduate school. 4. Academic Jobs in English Are Hard to Come By Many faculties advise their students not to go into debt to earn a graduate degree in English because the job market for college professors, especially in the humanities, is bad. According to the Modern Language Association, over 50% of new PhDs remain part-time, adjunct teachers (earning about $2,000 per course) for years. Those who decide to seek full-time employment rather than reapply for academic jobs work in college administration, publishing, the government, and non-profit agencies. Why Embrace a Grad Degree in English? Reading, writing and argumentation skills are valued outside of academia. On the positive side, graduate degree holders in English hone their reading, writing, and argumentation skills - all of which are valued outside of academia. With each paper, graduate students practice constructing logical arguments and thereby hone skills useful in a variety of settings such as business, nonprofits, and government. Many of the negative considerations in deciding whether to apply to graduate school in English emphasize the challenge of obtaining employment in academic settings and the difficulty of financial graduate study. These considerations are less relevant for students who plan on careers outside of academia. A graduate degree offers many opportunities outside of the ivory tower. Remain open to considering alternative options and youll increase the odds of a graduate degree in English paying off in the long run. Overall, the decision of whether graduate school is for you is complex and highly personal. Only you are aware of your own circumstances, strengths, weaknesses, goals, and capacities.

The Biological Factors Of Bipolar Disorder Essay - 1206 Words

Twin studies provide evidence that bipolar disorder is linked to genetic component. A research study published in the Epidemiology for Behavioral Neurosciences asserts that â€Å"twin studies demonstrated that there are strong genetic factors involved in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder, which also influence white matter, which in turn is involved in brain connectivity† (Squarcina, Fagnani, Bellani, Altamura, Brambilla, 2016). From the above research, it is obvious that there is correlation between bipolar disorders and genetic factors. TREATMENT/ PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS Lithium carbonate Class: mood stabilizer. Mode of Action: Not fully understood. Alters cation transport in nerve and muscle. May also influence reuptake of neurotransmitters. Dosage: Precise dosing is based on serum lithium level. For Adults 12 years and tablets/capsules is 300-600mg 3 times initially. The extended release is 450-900mg twice daily or 300-600mg daily initially. Usually maintenance dose is 450mg daily or 300mg 3 times daily. Possible side effects/adverse effects for lithium include the following: Ataxia, fatigue, sedation, psychomotor retardation, restlessness, stupor, tinnitus, polyuria, tremors, muscles weakness, leukocytosis, dry mouth, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, renal toxicity, polyuria, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, diarrhea, aphasia, dehydration, and hyperglycemia. Targeted symptoms: Lithium is effective in reducing elation, flight of ideas, anxiety,Show MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pagescharacteristics of bipol ar I disorder with psychotic symptoms. Bipolar I disorder is a mood disorder where individuals have major depressive and full manic episodes, which may include psychotic features like hallucinations or delusions (Comer, 2014). People with bipolar I disorder display, during their manic state which typically lasts at least a week, exhibit irritable, angry or abnormally high moods (Comer, 2014). In the particular case of EM, his behaviors seem to correlate with bipolar I mood disorder withRead MoreBipolar Disorder1104 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar Disorder While the precise causes of bipolar disorder are not yet fully understood, we do know that It is primarily a biological illness. However, its onset is often linked to stressful life events. There are a number of factors that are believed to play a role in developing bipolar disorder Including genetics, brain chemicals, environmental factors and sometimes medical illnesses. Bipolar Disorder is a mental illness in which a person s mood alternates between extreme mania and depressionRead MoreBipolar and Unipolar Disorder Essay1484 Words   |  6 Pagesdealing with bipolar or unipolar disorder. Even though these two disorders are similar, there are marked differences, different causes, and different treatment. Bipolar and Unipolar Disorder Bipolar and unipolar are two different disorders that affect millions of people; however, there are differences in between the two mood disorders. Bipolar is differentiated by two distinguishing phases of mania and depression, and the rapid cycling of these two phases is a key element of bipolar. (JacksonRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Mental Illness Caused By A Person s Brain1653 Words   |  7 Pages Bipolar disorder is a mental illness caused by a chemical imbalance in a person’s brain. Bipolar disorder can causes mood swings that can be both manic and or hypomanic, changes in sleep patterns, energy and overall behavior of a person. An individual’s environment can either hinder or aid in coping with the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. A manic episode lasts for at least one week and consist of increased goal-oriented energy, along with overly confident and excited feelings. These feelingsRead MoreAbnormal Psychology-Unipolar and Bipolar Depression Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesAbnormal Psychology | Unipolar and Bipolar Depression | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Shawn M Best 10/16/2011 | Identifying the causes of unipolar and bipolar depression can be a complicated task because there are no known exact causes, just theories. These theories include chemical and hormonal imbalances within the brain, a misfiring of ion activity, and inherited genetics or biological abnormalities (Comer, 2005). Individuals who suffer with unipolar depression, whichRead MoreBipolar Disorder, By Stephen Fry1327 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar Disorder This case study is about Stephen Fry, who suffers from bipolar disorder. Fry wanted to tell the world about bipolar disorder, how it affects the people who has to live with it and the people around them, and how it feels for him dealing with bipolar disorder. What I Learned Watching this case study taught me how people try to deal with having bipolar disorders and how it works or does not work. For me, it was shocking how much it takes for someone to be diagnosed with bipolarRead MoreCollege Student with Bipolar Disorder Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar disorder, also called a manic-depressive illness, is a common disorder which causes mood swings, lasting periods of depression, and episodes of mania. â€Å"Extreme changes in energy, activity, sleep, and behavior go along with these changes in mood† (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2008). A person becomes more goal-oriented and has grandeur visions of success. Patient M shows all these symptoms while talking to her friends and professors in college. She describes herself as a personRead MoreManic Depression And The Gemini Disorder Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesManic depression, or â€Å"The Gemini disorder† is most commonly known as Bipolar Disorder. This illness is a brain disorder, which causes abrupt and unusual mood shifts. These irritable mood shifts can be related to the individual’s energy, activity levels, or their ability to carry out daily tasks. This disorder goes beyond the ordinary mood swings we all are aware of. Manic depression has three forms that are characterized as periods of acute elevation of elatedness, or irritability. More often thanRead MoreMental Health Illnesses Have A Genetic Contribution1534 Words   |  7 Pagesthe fact that most, the chance of obtaining schizophrenia or bipolar disorder with no genetic factor is around one perfect, as to where if someone has a close relative with a certain disorder, such as a parent or sibling, the risk factor jumps to around ten percent. The genetic force behind the abundance of mental illnesses is especially strong in identical twins who have a risk factor of a little less than fifty percent. Mental disorders are actually not about an individual gene, but about a multitudeRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagessymptoms of bipolar disorder, Riley had left the home unexpectedly, without any medication or support in managing her symptoms. While on her own, it was discovered Riley took part in dangerous acts such as, excessive drinking and drug use while also, having sex with multiple different men. While analyzing the case of Riley, it is evident that she is struggling to cope with an abnormal behaviour. It may be possible that a lack of appropriate treatment, along with integrating factors such as, sociological

Pokemon Essay Example For Students

Pokemon Essay This kids phenomenon began as a hand-held video game and exploded across the globe, from trading cards to becoming the number onerated television kids show on the popular cartoon programming Kids WB! The TV program is drawn in the manner of the old speed racercartoon with similar type voices. It began showing in syndication in September 1998 and within a few months shot to the top of the ratingschart for childrens programs. The Pokmon phenomenon began in Japan in 1996, with Nintendo inciting a national craze when it introduced software for its Game Boyportable video game system called Pocket Monsters. The name Pokmon, is short for POcKEt MONster, each have there own special fighting abilities. Pokmon is marketed as a creativestrategy game based on mythical creatures. Sounds like fun but its more than that, much more. You work your way to the top, perfectingyour skills by using your Pokmon to fight against other Pokmon trainers. The Pokmon game does get the kids to think, strategize and usetheir memory skills. But thinking on what is the question that needs to be asked. Pokmon are incredible creatures that share the world with humans, says Professor Oak (on the program), the leading authority on thesemonsters. There are currently over 150 documented species of Pokmon. The professor says We need to deal with pokemon asindividuals just as we deal with people. Pokmon frequently take on the characteristics of the human who captured them. The Pokmon song and mantra is heard on the program and written in the materials. I want to be the very best like no one ever was, tocatch them is my real test to train them is my cause .I will travel across the land Searching far and wide Each Pokmon to understandthe power thats inside. Gotta catch them all! Its you and me I know I know, its my destiny. Just about every child hasmemorized this stanza. The last line of the Pokmon mantra, Gotta catch them all! is used over and over again to have the kids desire and crave for collectingmore Pokmon paraphernalia. Whatever the creators of these Pocket monsters come out with the kids want they are hooked. Between theTV commercial breaks a Pokemon comes flashed in a shadow shape and they all say in unison Whose that Pokmon. The kids are torecognize the certain character by its shape. Now remember there are over 150 of them so to do this takes quite some time to familiarizethemselves with the creatures. This becomes a whole new education for them to learn of these mythical creatures. A Look at The charactersThe story revolves around a 10 year old boy named Ash Ketchum (a boy and his friends). He is energetic and determined to become theworlds greatest Pokmon Master. Ashs goal and your childs is to become the greatest trainer in the world by collecting and raisingpokmon. His pet is Pikachu who looks like across between a cuddly rabbit and a rat. He has a lightning bolt shaped tail. (Raichu also has alightning bolt tail)Misty a girl who is Ashs friend is described as headstrong and stubborn . . . constantly quibbling with Ash. She is always giving him ahard time, they are constantly arguing. Ash says shes always putting him down. Then there is the third member of the adventurous trio,Brock who has uncontrolled hormones. Brock who is Ashes trouble making partner is girl crazy, he is infatuated with their perfume, dressand shape. Every girl he sees he is in love with. Brocks fascination with the opposite sex often gets him and the gang into trouble. Brockalso has a t emper (have you seen your child develop one?) and sometimes will hit Misty, who is his friend on the head, as in one casebecause she wanted to reveal that he loves a certain girl. Competition drives Ash making him obsessed with catching all the Pokmon. But it is not that easy he has enemies, Team rocket. A boy girlteam called Jessie ; James (Jessie James remember him, the outlaw). Meoth is a Pokmon on team rocket who are the enemy are thenemesis of Ash, they want to steal all the Pokmons from the people and trying to steal Pikachu from Ash, and at times they do, but Ashalways gets him back. Prepare for trouble, make it double. Jessie, James . . . they are an evil gang following Ash and friends looking tosteal rare Pokmon. Jessie and James are stuck up, fashion conscious, trouble makers. Jesse the girl is dressed in a scanty short skirt. These characters do not portray good values much less moral that the Bible asks us and our children to have. Yet they are the villains in thestory. They have a song they often sing that is quite revealing, To protect the world from devastation to unite all peoples within our nations. To announce the evils of truth and love to extend our reach to the stars above. To unite the world and reach the stars was the goal of thetower of Babel. To announce the evils of love and truth make this quite a deceptive, evil message, even from the bad guys of the cartoon. The Bible says, to Prove all things; hold fast that which is good. 1 Thessalonians 5:21. To Reject that which is evil; hold to that which isgood. If you are a Christian you know the invisible war often times can become visible and you can be engaged in it. This one has touchedour homes and it happened very quickly. In some respects it came under the radar screen of many parents. We do battle, but not withcreature against creature. Behind these creatures is a spiritual power trying to influence the children. We are in the midst of a battle goingon for the hearts and minds of our children, and this has become an all out assault. Consider that Pokmon is the sixth most-searched-forword on the Internet and is the fastest-selling Game Boy game. The video game has sold more than 4 million Nintendo Game Boy games in the United States, with the Pokmon game cartridges toppingall others in the first and second best-selling slots. In Japan were four versions that are not found in America, yellow, green, silver, and gold,yellow was recently released here. There are lots of Pokemon that havent been seen or captured, nor made by Nintendo, But they will be!Why stop such a good thing?Pokmon has since become the largest children phenomenon of the decade, Since the Pokmon trading card games debut in January1999, over 2 million copies of the game have been sold in North America. Nintendo, its Japanese creator, puts the total retail value of theanimated cartoon, Gameboy video games, promotional toys and cards at $1 billion in the U.S. and $7 billion worldwide in just one year. Other merchandise to put your money into their pockets are: comic books, coloring books, videos, compact disks, etc. Instead of the phrasegotta catch em all it should say gotta take all your money because thats what they are doing as people are pouring hundreds if notthousands of dollars to quench the desire of their kids to catch em all. This fad does not come cheap, as there were originally 150 now thenumber is increasing as they see they can offer more to the nave children. Pokemon #151 is Mewtwo, who is psychic Pokmon. Theholo (shinies) cards are the rarest to catch and collect since there is a limited quantity of each set of Pokmon cards. Each is printed withthe symbol which shows the cards are first-edition cards from that set. The cards may have future reprints but never with the symbol whichassures that first-edition cards will maintain their value! The cards are of the highest quality with artistic pictures and information on them. On the cards they describe the creatures by their genetic type, weight, and height, such as haunter who is a gas Pokmon, length 53,weight 0.2 lbs. He is used to hypnotize his opponent. On the upper left hand corner of the card it will tell you what stage of evolving it is inon the right hand corner grass, fire , water lightning etc. At the bottom it shows it weaknesses and resistance. This is a complicated strategygame that introduces one to a pantheistic worldview and the child is exposed to the power of the occult. This has become very big money and not just baseball cards are counterfeited anymore. In July, Customs seized $250,000 worth ofcounterfeit Pokmon products at the docks in Elizabeth, N.J. They seem to be counterfeits surfacing everywhere. Genuine Pokmon cardsare made in the United States and can be worth $50 each for the rare first editions. Most parents can spend at the least $100 to over $1,000. Cards can cost From $3.50 to $7 for a single pack, theme packs can run up to $25. Tropical Rain Forest EssayIn the episode Haunter versus Kadabra, Ash and friends go to lavender city to fight Sabrina who is a Pokmon has psychic powers. Shecommunicates to her Pokmon telepathically. At one point in the story she turns misty and Brock into dolls and they meet Sabrinas momwho was also turned into a midget doll. She says, please dont think bad of Sabrina shes really a good daughter. This good daughter hadher powers overtake her as a child and her personality split into 2 people. One stayed a young child while the other grew up. As she entersinto battle with Ash who wants to rescue his friends who are now dolls her eyes glow red and she has Kadabra send psi waves againstPikachu. Instead of Pokmon these creatures may be better named poltergeists. Wicca, or Witchcraft is popular and a fast growing religion throughout the world today. symbols and signs used in magick. (Runes.) LikeWitchcraft, and sorcery Pokmon trainers must go through training and ritual type actions to become Master Trainers, become powerful inthe craft with the ability to control the Pokmon and their powers. participating in magic means demanding that a spiritual force, spirits willdo ones bidding. Ash summons the Pokmon from the ball. The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia says witchcraft is exercise of supernaturalpowers through occult arts such as magic, sorcery, and even Satanism. Its origins are in the belief in separate powers of good and evil inancient pagan cults and in religions. Pagans use nature powers and demonic spirits, shamans use animal spirits. In the Pokmon game trainers summon one of their Pokmon tobattle other monsters and they use them as guardians. In Wicca, guardians spirits are called by them to protect them from (other) evil spiritsas the y during rituals stay in the safe area circle, the pentagram, The similarity is the Pokmon monsters are held safe in a Pokeball untilthe trainer summons them and they use natures powers. You have evil demons/monsters (pocket monsters) fighting the good monsters(pikachus, etc.). Grolier Encyclopedia says magic is-The use of a certain ritual action to bring about the intervention of a supernatural force,either in human affairs or in the natural environment, In casting spells, the appropriate use of words is sufficient to release or activate apower.Often times natures 5 elements are used in battle ( fire, water, air or wind, earth, void-symbol of the star in the occult) . They teachthat these powers can be manipulated by the Pokmon. Many of the Pagan and earth based religions find power in these same Elementsthat are the energy cards in the Pokemon game! In one episode Ash has his spirit taken out of his body by haunter, of course he later putshim back in. Children are subtly being indoctrinated in the theory of evolution, mysticism and pagan beliefs in the Pokmon game.They are beingopened to accepting humanistic wisdom and occult spirituality. The Bible says, Whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory of God 1 Cor. 10:31. Does this game bring glory to God? This game is not evenneutral, it opposes him in many different ways. Pocket monsters of the occult that you child can carry and do battles with, think about it. In 1997 hundreds of children went into epileptic seizures while watching the Pokmon cartoon in Japan. Here are excerpts of 2 reports Dec. 17,1997 TOKYO -As many as 700 schoolchildren reportedly suffered convulsions, vomiting, and othersymptoms while watching the Pokemon cartoon. Japanese mass dailies Mainichi, Yomiuri and Asahi carried front-page stories Wednesday reporting the seizures, which they said tookplace about 20 minutes into the 30-minute show, watched by millions of kids across Japan. Japans Home Affairs Ministry said 208 people, from age 3 upward, including a 58-year-old man, were still in hospital with epilepsy-typesymptoms more than 24 hours after the showing. The blame was put on a scene depicting an explosion followed by five seconds of flashing red lights from the eyes of the most popularcharacter, Pikachu, a rat-like creature. The episode centered on characters getting inside a computer to fight each other, while the explosionwas set off by a vaccine bomb detonated to destroy a computer virus. December 17, 1997 Web posted at: 4:15 a.m. EST TOKYO (CNN)In a national survey, the Tokyo fire department found that at least 618 children had suffered convulsions, vomiting, irritated eyes, and othersymptoms after watching Pokemon. . Psychologist Rik a Kayama, author of a book on video games and health, said that there is thepossibility of photosensitive epilepsy or group hysterics. The children must have been totally immersed in the program, Kayama said. (Nintendos games carry a health warning about this)So how can a TV cartoon affect children so adversely? If the cartoon is able to do this from a few short seconds of viewing, what is thepotential in practicing the gaming and cards for a long time? There have been and continue to be many popular toys board games, PC games with occult themes. If one looks at the computer gamesthey seem to be getting more violent with occult themes strewn throughout. You can now add the world of Pokemon to the parade ofMultiple gods, aliens, Ouji boards, Psychic powers, magic cards, mind control, astral travel, teleportation, casting spells, transformingevolution toys, mesmerization games. Nintendo a Japanese company has a past record of introducing a supernatural pagan world in theirgames. The k ids, youth, are not just playing fun games when they participate with Pokemon, its basis is found in the occult. It is a primer for theoccult worldview and initiates the unsuspecting child into being open. The good creatures use their occultic powers to overcome the evilcreatures. So what message does that send to children? The Pokemon uses powers energies to consume their opponents, they have magicalpsychic powers that are supernatural who can evolve into more powerful Pokemon. Pokemon trainers send their Pokemon out to fight likewizards. They order them to do different attacks. The Pokemon never die, if damaged or incapacitated they are brought back to life asnurse Joy heals them back at the Pokemon center. In one episode Bill a Pokemon researcher said to Ash and friends, The planet is created 4.6 billion years ago. During that time all kinds ofPokemon existed, they had many ways of livingOn this planet there are over 150 species of Pokemon. This teaches a fable not only ofevolution but intelligent species throughout the universe. They are learning how to play with mythical creatures, who have magical supernatural powers. They are being taught that they can makethese creatures subject to them. They order the Pokemon who fly through the air into battle to fight for them against their enemies. Thechildren are challenged to become masters by conquering more and more Pokemon monsters with the powers that are in these creatures. The Pokemon travel in Poke balls when released from the Pokeballs the Pokemon announces who he is and will sometimes do soaggressively before the attack. The children are told to. . . Carry your Pokemon with you, and youre ready for anything! Youve got thepower in your hands, so use it!Grolier Encyclopedia- defines magic as The use of a certain ritual action to bring about the intervention of a supernatural force, either inhuman affairs or in the natural environment, In casting spells, the appropriate use of words is sufficient to release or activate a power. Here some suggestions for battle off a Pokmon web site. When I try to attack with my Pokemon, it just ignores me. Why wont my Pokemon Obey me? That Pokemons level is toohigh for you to control it. Until you get the corresponding Badge for its level, you will not be able to control it. Can I stop my Pokemon from evolving? Will they be able to evolve later? Yes, just press the B Button while they are changingto stop the evolution. As the character continues to gain levels, they will attempt to evolve again. (from Pokmon website at *www.pokemon.com.*)The websites explain that some attacks cause the Defending Pokmon to be Asleep, Confused, Paralyzed, or Poisoned. Pokmon Mastersare the leaders of fighting schools or battling gangs that solve their problems by beating their opponents. And how do they do this? Thebooklet says, Some attacks cause the Defending Pokmon to be Asleep, Confused, Paralyzed, or Poisoned. If a Pokmon is Paralyzed, it cant attack or retreat. Turn the Pokmon sideways to show its Paralyzed. If an Active Pokmon is Paralyzed,it recovers after its players next turn. Turn the card right-side up again. For example Weepingbell Razor Leaf A Pokmon card says, Itspits out poison powder to immobilize the enemy, and then finishes the enemy with a spray of acid. The creatures turn into warriors when they fight, some of which look somewhat cute like a fish, a crab, a butterfly ,dinosaurs, eagles, etc. But dont let that fool you. As much fun as it looks on the surface, underneath is a volcano of occult indoctrination. The game is also filledReligion Essays

Business Accounting Financial Transactions

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Accounting for Financial Transactions. Answer: Introduction The terminology accounting implies a recording process that records all the financial transactions in a systematic as well as in comprehensive way. In other words, it can also be said that accounting is an effective process that helps an accountant to analyze, report and summarize all the financial transactions related to the business with the aim to lapse both the tax collection agencies and entities. According to Parry (2015), accounting is considered as the basic language of any type of business. Therefore, it is a vital factor to gather knowledge about the basics of business accounting. Reflective Learning Journal In order to gather knowledge in the field of basic accounting, it has been found that there are various terminologies that are counted as the important term. Therefore, a list of terms and terminologies or an accounting glossary has been prepared below that will help me to learn and gather knowledge and will also clear my concepts and theories regarding business accounting along with various formulae and equations. Cash Management and Budgeting The terminology cash management is mainly used in case of any growing or new business, where, this broad term refers to collection, disbursement and concentration of cash (Ebert and Griffin 2015). The objective of this management is to manage and balance the total amount of cash of a business of an organization in a peculiar way that will help to maximize the cash availability not invested in inventories or fixed assets. This involves the avoidance of risk regarding insolvency. The factors that are monitored as a cash management include the management of cash balances within an organization, level of liquidity of a firm and the strategies of short-term investment. On the other hand, budgeting is defined as a plan for the future of any business that provides a plan regarding future expenditure and income along with its savings. In other words, it can also be said that budgeting is a guideline that helps the management team of an organization to predict and understand the future spending and saving of an organization (Brinca et al. 2016). Depending on the future expenditure and saving, an organization is operated. In addition to this, a cash budget is defined as an estimation of the total cash outflows and cash inflows for a particular business of an organization over a specified period of time (Collier 2015). Therefore, it can be said that cash budget helps an accountant or the management team of a firm to assess whether the specified entity has sufficient amount of cash to operate successfully. Therefore, it can be said that from this concept of budgeting, cash budget and cash management, I have learned the importance and their role in implementation. I have got a clearer idea regarding the concepts of budgeting and cash budget and its basic difference. I have also understood that the cash management is dependent on the budgeting or cash budget and vice-versa. This basic concept of business accounting will help me in my future as I have gained knowledge that cash management is an important factor for any start-up business or any new business. Therefore, if I would like to be an entrepreneur in future, then I will be able to implement these concepts and can run my own business successfully. In addition to these, all these basic knowledge, concept and theories will also help me to take part in any inter-college competition or quiz competition as these concepts have helped me to differentiate between each of these related terminologies. Periodic and Perpetual Inventory system - Periodic Inventory system is the procedure of valuating the inventories with the aim to prepare a financial report, where, at a specified time interval, a physical inventory count is occurred (Mintz 2016). In addition to this, Periodic Inventory system helps to keep and maintain a pathway of the inventory at the beginning of the phase; both the purchases and sales that are done at same phase of time are also traced under the section asset of a financial statement. On the other hand, the perpetual inventory system is the bookkeeping procedure for inventory that helps in recording the sale and/ or purchase of stock by using the method of point-of-sale (computerized) and endeavors the asset management software (Wier, Stone and Hunton 2015). In addition to this, the perpetual system of inventory gives a exhaustive view about the adjustments within the inventory with an urgent coverage of inventory amount in the stock. Therefore, it can be said that this imitates the goods level on hand. Thus, a detailed study on the periodic Inventory system and perpetual inventory system has helped to clear my concept regarding their definition, importance and implementation. In addition to this, I have also learned their main difference regarding implementation within an organization. I have gained knowledge about the merits and demerits of periodic Inventory system and perpetual inventory system. Additionally, this concept will help to self-evaluate and therefore, it will encourage involving myself in the self-assessment examination as well as in quiz competition. Moreover, the teaching in the prior subject inventory has facilitated me to gather knowledge regarding these two types of inventory systems. Thus, it can be said that these basic knowledge will facilitate me to gather additional information about the business accounting. Inventory valuation - The inventory valuation is the expenditure which is associated with the stock of an organization towards the end of a specified period of time. The inventory valuation is counted as an important element that helps in calculating COGS and can be used for loans as collateral (Ahadiat and Martin 2015). It has been found that generally the inventory valuation is expressed in the balance sheet of the organization as the current asset. Usually, the inventory valuation is made based on the costs or expenses that are sustained by an organization to gather the inventory and also to transform them into a particular circumstance where it will make ready to sell. It has been found that the costs which are involved within the inventory valuation concept are - import duties, handling, freight, production overhead, direct materials and direct labor. It can be said that this concept has also enriched my awareness about the fundamentals of business accounting. The detailed study has helped me to study more regarding the terms and terminologies of business accounting. The strong understanding of business accounting will facilitate me to earn further information about the topic and this in return will assist me in my future to turn out to be an expert in the ground of business accounting (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). In addition to these, the clear and detailed concept regarding the basic of business accounting will also help to take part in the corporate quiz and self-assessment examination. All these participations will also give me an opportunity to learn more new things and all these will help me in my future to become a successful entrepreneur. Inventory costing methods It is the cost of holding products in store. The capital, taxation, depreciation, shrinkage costs, warehousing, obsolescence and insurance are also involved as a percentage of inventory value (Gibson and Haynes 2015). Generally, the smaller businesses mainly use four types of methods for calculating inventory costing and to account for cost of goods sold (COGS). These include - Last in First out (LIFO), First in First out (FIFO), Specific Identification Method and Average Cost Method (O'Connell et al. 2015). Additionally, each type of these methods is best suited to different financial aims and different conditions. Thus, it is an important factor for the entrepreneurs to have knowledge regarding the various types of inventory costing methods, as they should implement the most appropriate one for the most accurate accounting system. Thus, this specified learning about the kinds of methods of inventory costing will facilitate me in self-assessment examination and also in self-evaluation. These concepts will improve my awareness concerning the basic topic of business accounting, thus, it will encourage me to take participation in the quiz competition. Therefore, it can be said that these basic concepts, theories and information regarding the basics of business accounting will help me to recognize the other concepts that are dependent on these concepts and theories. Thus, I can say that these basics will assist me to collect more information in future regarding the business accounting. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that, business accounting is a very important theme for any person who wants to be a successful entrepreneur in future. In addition to this, an individual who wants to become a specialist in the ground of accounting and want to rule the business world should learn this business accounting subject. The reason behind this is that the accounting is measured as the basic language of any business, whereas, the basic knowledge regarding the business accounting is the key to become a successful business person. Therefore, the basic concepts and theories of business accounting should be clear, as this will help an individual in future. I have made a glossary of different terms and terminologies that are associated with the subject business accounting such that it can provide me with different types of knowledge regarding the particular topic. References Ahadiat, N. and Martin, R.M., 2015. Attributes, Preparations, and Skills Accounting Professionals Seek in College Graduates for Entry-Level Positions vs. Promotion.Journal of Business and Accounting,8(1), p.179. Brinca, P., Chari, V.V., Kehoe, P.J. and McGrattan, E., 2016.Accounting for Business Cycles(No. 531). Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Collier, P.M., 2015.Accounting for managers: Interpreting accounting information for decision making. John Wiley Sons. Ebert, R.J. and Griffin, R.W., 2015.Business essentials. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Gibson, J.L. and Haynes, W.W., 2015.Accounting in small business decisions. University Press of Kentucky. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Mintz, S., 2016.Ethical obligations and decision-making in accounting: text and cases. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. O'Connell, B., Carnegie, G., Carter, A., De Lange, P., Hancock, P., Helliar, C. and Watty, K., 2015. Shaping the future of accounting in business education in Australia. Parry, S.N., 2015. The influence of neoliberal economics on small business accounting research: A critical evaluation of agendas and methodologies.International Small Business Journal, p.0266242615600508. Wier, B., Stone, D.N. and Hunton, J.E., 2015. Retraction: Does Graduate Business Education Contribute to Professional Accounting Success?.Accounting Horizons,29(3), pp.745-745.

A Separate Peace Essays (422 words) - Phillips Exeter Academy

A Separate Peace A Separate Peace by John Knowles is a complex novel that portrays war in many different forms. Gene Forrester was attending Devon School during World War II. This was a representation of different wars he was having within himself. Gene was feeling a kind of jealousy toward his friend Finny. He also felt like Finny was trying to sabotage him with relation to his schoolwork. Lastly Gene felt guilt, guilt from what was described by him as a blind impulse and also from having the truth revealed to him resulting in a fatal accident. Gene fought with his fears throughout the story. He thought that he was a complete person, full of what a man should be, but when he got to Devon and met Finny, he felt he was incomplete, as though he lacked something. He tried to find ways to fill the void by associating with all that Finny did. As a result he did become more well-rounded but he also felt guilt for the consequences. Guilt was also an internal war or conflict Gene had with himself. After jouncing the limb while Finny was on it, Gene sensed he was wrong in doing so but he was not fully regretful. After the truth came out though, and Finny once again broke his leg, Gene did feel complete remorse. At Finnys funeral Gene didnt cry but its not that he was not sad or that he was not sorrowful, but he felt like it was his own funeral and he knew that you dont cry at your own funeral. Gene also thought that Finny was trying to sabotage his schoolwork by taking him places and convincing him to do things that were illogical an d impulsive. Although this was not the case Gene really fought with himself, over-analyzing all of Finnys shenanigans and deciding whether or not they seemed to be plots against him. As Gene went through life he was still not settled by the events that had happened in Devon those years. But in his return to the school he realized that he was coming to terms with what had happened and that he was able to get over the events in his teenage years. Gene had also come to accept himself the way he was and was not try to change. The things that used to scare him in his earlier years now seemed less threatening. Therefore he eventually overcame all of his internal wars. Book Reports

The Influence of Homosexuality in the Media

The Influence of Homosexuality in the Media Free Online Research Papers The transition of our world is happening before our very eyes†¦ amongst the most talked about topics is the appointing and politics of President Barack Obama, the crashing economy and the issue of Ms. California and her views on homosexuality. Though the president and the economy have been unpredictable to some, homosexuality has always been a controversial subject. This alternative lifestyle does not fit into our social ideals, â€Å"the American Dream†. Established throughout the late forties and fifties, this â€Å"Dream† painted a very clear picture of what the pursuit of happiness in American society should be, stressing the importance of gender roles and the perfect family. Homosexuality was rarely heard of during this time and was considered shameful. Men, women, and children were told that â€Å"homosexuals are dangerous†. It was not long ago that homosexuality was considered a mental illness, and a sufficient reason to fire a federal employee from their job. It was not until 1975 that there was a public statement made that homosexuality was not a mental disorder. Since that time, this once taboo topic has become a familiar lifestyle and many activist groups have taken a stand for their cause that has captured the attention of the media. Spending an average of nine hours a day using some time of media, it is no surprise that through the support of the media; same-sex relationships have become more widely accepted. The effect that media influence has on society is not a new phenomenon; the media has been a concern of social influence since its beginning. It has the ability to dramatically shape the lives of viewer by setting a standard and relying on our perception of â€Å"what should be†. It is no longer uncommon to see a television or movie role being cast with a homosexual character. This common exposure to a once criminal act of sexual deviance has altered the minds of Americans and created acceptance by reducing the fear of the unknown. The grandfather of technological innovation, the media is responsible for social change, the standard of life and the decline of more traditional forms of direction, such as church, school, and family. Though all of these factors remain important, the media can be harmfully influential; many times the viewer does not even realize that they are being persuaded. The media is used as an instrument to influence people into certain beliefs and understandings, a funnel to social conformity, by the way of subtle hints and mild persuasion. In examining the possibilities of media influence, Jane Root wrote, â€Å"It has a role in defining what we think of as a natural, it helps to map out who we think we are†. This is what the media has done with homosexuality, they have made it seem natural, increasingly common and therefore acceptable. The effect that the media has on children has been a topic of debate for some time. A child’s mind can be so easily altered that with the vast media accessibility, children are likely to be learning more from television and internet than they are from school! This author believes this is the very reason why we are seeing a declaration of homosexuality at an earlier age than ever before. Youth are going to experiment with a variety of things, and now that same-sex relationships are not condemned and accepted as natural, this idea is more widely accepted amongst youth. The question then would be, what is it teaching them? Television is where children are finding their gender identity, learning about the common use of illegal drugs, seeing premarital sex, and being exposed to violent crimes. Children only know what they are taught, and through the media they are learning about sex, drugs, violence, and homosexuality at a far younger age than any other generation. In America everyone has the right to decide their sexual preference, and everyone deserves to be accepted despite their choice. Acceptance of the person does not require the condoning of their actions. Though my personal beliefs and Christian background leave little tolerance for the gay lifestyle I desire to see each person as an individual and have made a decision not to dismiss anyone based on only one fact of their life. Research Papers on The Influence of Homosexuality in the MediaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneStandardized TestingThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

South Koreas Economic Indicators and Recent Growth Rate Assignment

South Koreas Economic Indicators and Recent Growth Rate - Assignment Example The growth theory places emphasis on increasing government expenditure, net exports (exports-imports) and investments which are obtained from savings. South Korea’s GDP growth levels can be traced to its increase in export levels, investment levels, and government expenditure. Therefore, the growth theory matches quite well with the economic development and growth in South Korea and its contributing factors-investment, exports and government expenditure. Rapid growth levels coincide with extensive government interventions on the economy. Economic and political policies were geared towards a free capitalistic economy with little government interference except in adjusting externalities resulting from the market failure. The political structure was also adjusted in order to support a capitalistic economy. Investment in human capital refers to investing in nutrition and health, schools and higher education, investment in children, migration, fertility rates, infant mortality rates and maternal healthcare. For example, by analyzing the infant mortality rates or literacy levels of the population, there is a clear positive correlation between an increase in the levels of literacy and infant mortality and an increase in GDP. Investing in children is particularly crucial for long-term economic growth and development of any country. Investment in human capital plays an integral role in any country’s economic growth and development. From the data, it is easy to identify the correlation between GDP and initial human and physical capital. Therefore, countries with greater human capital have greater economic growth Ceteris Paribas. The high human and physical capital levels determine the productivity levels of South Korea.

Management - Web Activity Speech or Presentation

Management - Web Activity - Speech or Presentation Example Also anger gets generated when somebody feels that the opposite party has intentionally done something wrong. Anger is always perceived as a negative mannerism in the society. However in some situations anger can be a good thing. It helps an individual to express his/her negative feelings in a stronger way. In order to cite an instance anger assists to motivate individuals in the process of finding possible solutions of the problems. While on the other hand extreme and unnecessary anger can generate various kind of problems. It hugely impacts in the physical and mental health of a person. It leads to increased blood pressure, muscle tension, headaches, increased heart rate, higher sugar levels and also other associated mental and physical issues. Extreme anger also makes it complicated for a person to think simple and straight, thereby harming the mental and physical health (â€Å"Anger†). Recent studies portray that anger hugely increases the chance of heart disease and can e ven be a cause of certain nervous breakdown. A study in this aspect was conducted with a sample of around 12,986 adults for 3 years. The research revealed that persons with high anger trait are hugely prone to coronary diseases. Also another study with 4,083 adults conducted for over a period of 10 years revealed that, those who have the lowest level of anger control, holds the highest risk towards non fatal and fatal cardio vascular diseases. Nonetheless it also revealed that when the level of anger is moderate and also uttered assertively, the intensity of disruptiveness is less as compared to intense and frequent anger. Aggression: A Brief Overview Aggression is a deeper sense is the action or the behavior which is antagonistic, vigorous and energetic in nature. Aggression can generate either out of retribution, retaliation or through provocation. Nonetheless in the narrower definition that are being used in the behavioral science or social science, aggression is a rationale or i ntention in order to cause harm or in simple words is an action that intends to boost the comparative social supremacy. Defensive or predatory behavior among the members of various genuses however is not considered as aggression. Aggression can take various forms that can be either physical or can be conversed non-verbally or verbally. Aggression behavior is however not assertive in nature. It can be described as the way by which an individual portrays what he/she believes and anybody contradicts it is wrong from his/her point of view (â€Å"Aggressive behavior†). For example words such as ‘You're so stupid. Just do as I say and don't ask questions’, clearly justify the meaning of aggression. Aggression can be depicted by shoving, punching, hitting or even defacement another person, and it can occur in child or elder abuse, marital violence, and criminal activities. Anger and Aggression: Differences in Perspectives While studying about the concepts of anger and a ggression, I mainly found the difference between the two actions lies in their occurrences. The causes of anger and aggression depend upon different situations. I believe anger and aggression are the two different dimensions of human psychology. Since anger is usually uttered only through deafening verbalizations, it is the cases of hostility that coil up in the illegal justice system. I found in a recent study conducted by

Classroom Management article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classroom Management article - Essay Example The article posits that contrary to popular belief, effective teacher-student relationship has less to do with a teacher's personality and more to do with specific teacher behavior that includes dominance, cooperation and an awareness of high-need students. Appropriate Levels of Dominance. Dominance is not a negative characteristic, but implies a teacher's ability to, "provide clear purpose and strong guidance". In fact most students, when surveyed preferred such teachers over more permissive ones. Cooperation. Teachers and students need to work together as one team. Allowing students to set their own goals and asking for their suggestions creates a sense of involvement and sends the message that the teacher, "cares about and tries to accommodate students' interests". Although in a position of authority, the teacher must remain approachable to students both within and outside the classroom. Awareness of High-need Students. Studies have shown that as many as 12 to 22 percent of students suffer from some sort of mental or emotional strain. The average teacher is neither equipped nor trained to deal with such students, who can be a disruptive influence. An awareness of this fact, coupled with a few simple techniques can go a long way in maintaining effective classroom management. The paper identifies the various types of high needs students, their characteristics, and the strategies that c

Are CIF Contract of Sale of Goods a Sale of Documents?

Are CIF Contract of Sale of Goods a Sale of Documents? RESEARCH PROPOSAL A Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF) contract of sale is a sale of documents instead of sale of goods. HYPOTHESIS: A Cost, Insurance, Freight (CIF) contract of sale is completed when documents are sold instead of the goods. INTRODUCTION AND ACADEMIC RATIONALE: This research proposal will explore the field of Cost Insurance Freight (CIF) contract of sale and it will provide enough references and evidences towards answering the question of: That whether CIF contract of sale of goods is a sale of documents or not? Documents here refers to the contract documents which are the proof of the sale. These documents include the Bills of Lading, Commercial Invoice, and the Insurance Policy. The proposal will also put light upon the context that a CIF sale contract is completed once the documents are tendered correctly even before the goods are delivered. The research objectives for this proposal are presented here, by a series of sub questions: The nature of a CIF contract-Is it a sale of documents or sale of goods? What are the main documents which completes the CIF contract of sale? Why is more emphasis given on symbolic delivery of goods using the documents? What is the concept of passing of property and risk in a CIF contract of sale? What are the duties of the buyer and the seller in a CIF contract of sale? What is High Seas Sale (HSS) and its concept in a CIF contract of sale? The CIF term started with the expansion of the trade and commerce. The first reported case of CIF was in 1862 and 1871 and at that time it was mentioned C.F.I. instead of C.I.F. in a CIF contract the buyer or his agent need not be present physically and the payment was deferred to a mutually agreed date by the buyer and seller.[1] Hamilton J defined the obligations of a CIF vendor; which re as follows: First, to ship at the port of shipment the goods contained in the contract; Second, to procure a freight contract, under which the goods will be delivered at the agreed destination; Third, to arrange for an insurance which will be available for the benefit of the buyer; Fourth, to make out a commercial invoice; Fifth, finally tender these documents to the buyer.[2] It follows that against tender of these documents the buyer must be ready and willing to pay the agreed contract price. Furthermore, in a CIF contract of sale the emphasis is on the symbolic delivery of goods, using the documents which has and carry the title to those goods which are mentioned in the contract of sale and are being shipped. It is a cash against documents contract.[3] LITERATURE REVIEW: To conduct research on the topic CIF contract of sale is a sale of documents instead of sale of goods, it is very much important to firstly obtain some background knowledge on the CIF contract of sale as well as the reasons and evidences which will support and strengthen our topic and will show and proof that CIF contract of sale is a sale of documents. This literature review is contains parts which explains the CIF contract of sale and the relevance of documents in the CIF contract. These include: The nature of a CIF contract, the main documents which completes the CIF contract of sale, the concept of passing of property and risk in a CIF contract of sale, the duties of the buyer and the seller in a CIF contract of sale, High Seas Sale (HSS) and its concept in a CIF contract of sale. This literature review is in accordance with the objectives of this research, which it will explain the need of documents in a CIF contract and as to why a CIF contract of sale is a sale of documents. The Nature of a CIF Contract To start with, a COST, INSURANCE, FREIGHT (CIF) contract of sale is that contract in which the buyer buys the goods from the seller by paying the entire amount till the final port where the goods are to be discharged and delivered to the buyer. The sale price term includes the cost of the goods, insurance, and freight. For Example: 9,000 100lbs. bags of Wheat CIF Le Harve shipment June 2016 cash against documents. Today a CIF contract is one of the most important instruments which is used in international trade and international sale of goods. In a CIF contract the obligations of the seller is to ship the goods to the port which is being agreed upon by the buyer and the seller, and this port is also known as the final port of delivery or the port of discharge. Next is to get a contract of freight from the carrier on which the goods will be shipped to the agreed port and destination and then to arrange for an insurance which will cover the goods against the loss during the transit and this will benefit the buyer and then to make a commercial invoice. After all this the final obligation of the seller is to tender the documents to the buyer in the correct way and the correct manner which have been agreed by both buyer and the seller. After the documents are tendered and they are accepted by the buyer, the buyer is then bound to pay the agreed contract price of the goods and the contract is fulfilled and performed. About to the nature of the performance of the CIF contract, especially where the importance is given on the tendering of the documents in the correct manner rather than physical delivery of goods, some jurists and academic writers are of the view that CIF contract of sale is a sale of documents rather than goods.[4] The main documents which completes the CIF contract of sale and the concept of passing of property and risk In the CIF contract of sale, the importance is on the symbolic delivery of goods which is done using the documents which has the title of the shipped goods.it is a cash against documents contract. The main documents in a CIF contract of sale are Bills of Lading, Insurance policy, Commercial Invoice. The commercial invoice shows the contract price and the buyer must pay once these documents are tendered. The advantages of a CIF contract are that the buyer does not have to worry about the freight prices and insurance premiums and the changes if any happen to the prices, as the buyer pays the entire price till the final delivery port. The buyer also knows the exact price which he has to pay. The property in a CIF contract of sale may pass either on shipment or on tender of the documents and the risk generally passes on shipment, but the possession does not pass until the documents which represents the goods are handed over in exchange for the price. The presumption is property passes in CIF contract of sale when documents are delivered to the buyer.[5] The judgement of Scrutton J also said that a CIF contract is a contract of sale of documentsin the cases of Karberg (Arnhold) Co v Blythe Green, Jourdain Co. The judgement became very famous. The judgement lies as: I am strongly of opinion that the key to many of the difficulties arising in CIF contracts is to keep in mind the cardinal distinction that a CIF sale is not a sale of goods, but a sale of documents relating to goods. It is not a contract that goods shall arrive, but a contract to ship goods complying with the contract of sale and to tender those documents against payments of the contract price. He buys the documents, not the goods, and it may be that under the terms of the contracts of insurance and affreightment he buys no indemnity for the damage that has happened to the goods. In my view, therefore, the relevant question will generally be not what at the time of the declaration of tender of the documents is the condition of the goods? but what, at the time of the tender of documents, was the condition of the documents as to compliance with the contract of sale? This ruling has been observed in later cases.[6] Whatever happens to the goods in transit, the Bills of Lading and the Insurance Policy provide an almost complete continuous cover from the port of shipment to the port of destination. If the goods are lost at sea the documents remain valid and can be tendered as normal for the full purchase price to be paid.[7] Justice McCardie held in Manbre Saccharine Co Ltd v Corn Products Co Ltd, whereby he said that the obligation of the vendor is to deliver documents rather than goods to transfer symbols rather than the physical property represented thereby. This supports that documents seem to be the essence of the CIF contract.[8] If the seller hands over the documents to the buyer before payment, then it is presumed that the seller reserves the title until payment.[9] The duties of buyer and the seller in a CIF Contract of Sale The duty of the seller is to ship the goods afloat which are mentioned in the contract and makes a contract of carriage of goods by sea to port of arrival at his own expense. Obtaining a bill of lading and the insurance policy, tender these documents i.e. commercial invoice, Bills of lading and insurance policy to the buyer. The buyer should accept the tender of conforming documents and pay the contract price which is against the delivery of documents. The documents must be strictly conformed to the contract, and the documents can be re-tendered if they are not conforming to the contract of sale.[10] High Seas Sale(HSS) and its concept in a CIF Contract of Sale In a CIF contract when a buyer (actual consignee) has the documents like the Bills of Lading, Insurance Policy, and the Commercial Invoice, he can then further sell those goods to someone else, and he can do so when the goods are still sailing and in the sea. The second buyer can also do this to someone else and the documents are sold for the price. This type of sale is known as HIGH SEAS SALE (HSS) in which the goods are sold while they are still sailing and they have not reached the final port. A high seas sale is done when the goods have left the loading port and are in the sea but have not arrived at the port of discharge. If something happens to the goods, then the buyer has the insurance policy and he can claim the damages from the insurance company. The importance of documents can be supported from the statement made by Lord Porter in Comptoir dAchat et de Vente du Boerenbond Belge S/A v Luis de Ridder Limitada (The Julia) [1949] A.C. 293 at pp.309, 312: The obligations imposed upon a seller under a c.i.f. contract are well known, and in the ordinary case include the tender of a bill of lading covering the goods contracted to be sold and no others, coupled with an insurance policy in the normal form and accompanied by an invoice which shows the price and, as in this case, usually contains a deduction of the freight which the buyer pays before delivery at the port of discharge. Against tender of these documents the purchaser must pay the price.[11] METHODOLOGY: To understand how this research study will aim to be conducted, it is firstly very important to establish the focus and direction it will follow. This will enable us and take us to a certain level where there will be more understanding and more support on CIF contract of sale as a contract for sale of documents rather than sale of goods. From the literature reviewed in preparation for this proposal, it became clear that what most Judges and from their judgements that the obligations of a CIF contract of sale are fulfilled when the correct and conforming documents as per the sale contract is tendered by the seller to the buyer. Because of this, the question that arose in the beginning that why a CIF contract of sale is considered a sale of documents and not sale of goods? is somewhere answered, and after reviewing the literature review in this study, additionally to establishes an answer for the question. To continue, for this study and to meet the objectives, the methodology that will be adopted is that of the doctrinal research method. Doctrinal research is concerned with the formation of what are labelled as legal doctrines, whereby an analysis of legal rules takes place.[12] These legal rules can be located within sources of law such as Statutes and Cases, although it is very important to understand that they cannot fully provide a thorough statement of the law. In regards to this study, it is important to appreciate that this can only be obtained by applying the pertinent set of legal rules to the specific facts and the judgements of the judges who are in favour of the view that a CIF contract of sale is a sale of documents. This research method is colloquially referred to as black-letter law and historically can be seen to be the most suitable method to adopt for research of this nature. Moreover, doctrinal research is concerned with the formation and evolvement of legal doctrines for publication. As this study is essentially asking what is the law? it does significantly differ from the qualitative analysis process used in traditional social science research. So, to conduct this research and to make it clear that a CIF contract of sale is a sale of documents, the judgements in regards to the CIF contract will be analysed. This will enable us to understand why the traders and most importantly the judges are of the view that a CIF contract of sale is a sale of documents. Moreover, the CIF contract of sale is governed by many laws and acts like the Sale of Goods Act 1979, Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971, Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992, and the main aim is to make it very much clear that the CIF contract of sale is a sale of documents. It is usually inclusive of the sections and provisions from the above stated acts. An extensive list of cases in which the judgements are in the view of the research question which is that a CIF contract is a sale of documents is also included in this research to make the concept and the research clearer. Some of the cases related to our research proposal are as follows: JUDGE CASE YEAR RECORD Scrutton J Arnold Karberg Co v Blythe, Green Jourdain Co [1915] K.B. 379 at 388 McCardie J Manbre Saccharine Co, Ltd v Corn Products Co, Ltd [1918-19] All ER Rep 980 at p.984 Lord Atkinson Johnson v Taylor Bros Co Ltd [1920] AC 144 at pp.155-156 Lord Wright Ross T Smyth Co Ltd v TD Bailey Son Co [1940] All ER 60 at p.68 and p.70 Lord Porter Comptoir dAchat et de Vente du Boerenbond Belge S/A v Luis de Ridder Limitada (The Julia) [1949] A.C. 293 at pp.309, 312[13] OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS: Chapter Content One This is the introductory chapter which will have the main issues related to the topic. It has the research question along with the research objectives and hypothesis. Two This chapter deals with the literature review. It is broken down into various topics related to CIF contract of sale along with some cases and judgements relevant to the topic making it more clear and concise. Three This chapter contains the explanation of the methodology adopted along with the reasons for its adoption. It also contains the findings and a table of cases related to the research topic. Four This is the final chapter which has the bibliography. BIBLIOGRAPHY: COMMERCIAL LAW BOOK-2ND EDITION, ERIC BASKIND, GREG OSBORNE AND LEE ROACH David M Sassoon DM, The origin of F.O.B. and C.I.F. terms and the Factors influencing their Choice Ademuni-Odeke, The nature of CIF Contract- Is it a Sale of Documents or Sale of goods? WESTLAW UK LEXIS LIBRARY E-LAWRESOURCES.CO.UK WWW.GOOGLE.COM http://www.clubtopsage.com accessed 3 January 2017 (caselawquotes.net) CHYNOWETH P, LEGAL RESEARCH IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT: A METHODOLOGICAL FRAME WORK (2011) accessed on 6 January 2017 [1] David M Sassoon DM, The origin of F.O.B. and C.I.F. terms and the Factors influencing their Choice 34 [2] Ademuni-Odeke, The nature of CIF Contract- Is it a Sale of Documents or Sale of goods? 159 [3] Karberg (Arnhold) Co v Blythe Green, Jourdain [1915] [4] http://www.clubtopsage.com> accessed 3 January 2017 [5] The Miramichi [1915] P 71 [6] Ademuni-Odeke, The nature of CIF Contract- Is it a Sale of Documents or Sale of goods? 160 [7] Ademuni-Odeke, The nature of CIF Contract- Is it a Sale of Documents or Sale of goods? 161 [8] Manbre Saccharine Co ltd v Corn Products Co Ltd [1918-19] [9] Ginzberg v Barrow Haematite Steel Co Ltd [1996] [10] Borrowman, Phillips Co v Free Hollis [1878] [11] (caselawquotes.net) accessed on 3 January 2017 [12] accessed on 6 January 2017 [13] (caselawquotes.net) accessed on 9 January 2017 Analysis: Electronic Arts Company Analysis: Electronic Arts Company Electronic Arts (EA) is an American developer, marketer, publisher, and distributor of computer and video games. The gaming industry where the company operates is one of the most competitive and dynamic industries. Perform a PEST analysis and five forces analysis on the industry as well as SWOT analysis and suggest an appropriate strategic course for Electronic Arts. Electronic Arts, Inc. (EA) is a worldwide developer, dealer, publisher and distributor of video entertainments. The organization was an initiate of the early home computer amusements organization and was remarkable for encouraging the designers and programmers in charge for its games. Initially, EA was a home computing amusement publisher. EA developed via achievement of several successful developers. It had grown to be one of the worlds biggest third party publishers. (Wikipedia ,2010) Presently, it is mainly successful goods are sports games available under its EA Sports label, entertainments based on trendy film authorizes such as Harry Potter and games from long-running franchises like Medal of Honor, Need for Speed, The Sims, Battlefield and the presently games in the Burnout and Command and Conquer series. With the majority of its sports instruction series being industrial by EA, and the worlds biggest enlargement studio EA Canada which they are also the distributors of the Rock Band series. (Wikipedia ,2010) 2.0 PEST analysis tools PEST can be described as political, economic, social, technological issues, which are applied to evaluate the marketplace for a company or organizational unit. The PEST analysis headings are a structure for analysis a position, and can also be applied to evaluate a plan or position, trend of a business and marketing proposal. It is a helpful implement for understanding marketplace situation, in which they are working, and the opportunities and threats that be positioned within it. (Strategylabs, 2010) The models issues will vary in significance to a particular company based on its business and the products it manufactures. Moreover, issues which are more probable to alter in the outlook or more related to a specified business will carry greater meaning. Additionally, EA who create a large range of goods can find it more helpful to evaluate one division of its organization at a time with the PEST model, hence concerning on the particular issues appropriate to that one division. (Researchmarkets, 2009) By understanding the situation in which EA function exterior to the divisions, they know how to take benefit of the opportunities and diminish the threats. Particularly, it is a functional tool for understanding threats linked with market development or decline and as such the situation, prospective and trend for them. It is finding out where they are in the circumstance of what is occurring exterior that will at several point cause what is happening within of the business. (Modelbenders, 2009) 2.1 Five forces analysis Porters five forces analysis contracts with issues external a business that influence the environment of rivalry within it, the forces inside the organization that control the approach in which firms compete, and accordingly the organizations likely productivity is accomplished in Porters five forces model. An industry has to realize the dynamics of its businesses and marketplaces in order to compete successfully in the market. It described the forces which make rivalry, competing that the competitive atmosphere is formed by the relations of five dissimilar forces acting on a company. It seems at five solution parts specifically the threat of entrance, the power of consumers, the power of providers, the threat of substitutes, and competitive challenges. (Emerald Insight Staff , 1993) Understanding the environment of each of these forces gives associations the essential approaching to allow them to make the right plans to be successful in their marketplace. It is a simple tool that supports EA understanding where power lies in a business situation. It also assists to recognize both the strong point of their current competitive situation, and the strength of a situation of them is looking to move into. With an understandable recognizing of where power lies, it will allow EA to get fair benefit of its strengths, develop weaknesses, and avoid taking incorrect stages. Consequently, to concern this planning instrument efficiently, it is vital to know the position and to look at each of the forces separately. (Modelbenders, 2009) 2.2 SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is a strategic planning system applied to assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats concerned in a plan or in an industry venture. The interior issues can be analysis as strengths or weaknesses depending upon their force on the companys goals. The exterior issues can comprise macroeconomic matters, technological alter, legislation, and socio-cultural transforms, as well as alters in the market or competitive situation. (Strategylabs, 2010) In many rival analyses, EA make completed outlines of each competitor in the marketplace, concerning particularly on their virtual competitive strengths and weaknesses utilizing SWOT analysis. EA will observing each competitors price structure, sources of earnings, resources and competencies, competitive situation and manufactured goods isolation, degree of vertical combination, historical reactions to business enlargements and other issues. (Emerald Insight Staff , 1993) Another instance is EA, which is a great example of how computer amusements business can utilize a SWOT analysis to shape out a strong company strategy. They have known that its strength was selling openly to customers and keeping its prices lower than those of other competitors. EA put together a company strategy that integrated mass customization and just-in-time manufacturing and allowing consumers enjoy their computer amusements with complete imagination in the games world. (Researchmarkets, 2009) 2.3 The analytical tools in solutions It helps EA in discovery the true resolution that best meets their requirements and can play a dynamic role in the accomplishment as well as support. To make easy this development, they have recognized strategic deal with key vendors. The growing resolutions portfolio presents customers with leading skill by world-class partners and developed in the marketplace. EA suggests proven resolutions that provide stability, scalability and the elasticity needed to maximize effectiveness and performance in a extremely competitive atmosphere. (Sadler, Philip , 1993) EA bring value to their customers by joining that recognize how with an entire suite of feature rich resolutions that offers the best functionality part. Thus, the system to develop the productivity and efficiency of company analysts, EA must continue to enlarge the width and strength of their data storehouses, which will diminish the number of data sources that analysts need to entrance directly. They must also equip analysts with improved analytical tools that manage the way they do. (Coate, Patricia , 2007) In line with the ever growing complexity of the competitive marketplace EA has abilities far beyond those of the conventional intermediary, letting them to manage as their customers reliance risk partner with resources to contain every part of their business. They give the firm with the most proper resolutions, through consultancy services, systematic tools and risk goods that continue and improve their customers situation in the market. (Sadler, Philip , 1993) 3.0 Conclusion Any company must seek to understand the nature of its competitive environment if it is to be successful in achieving its objectives and in establishing appropriate strategies. If a company fully understands the nature of the analysis, and particularly appreciates which one is the most important, it will be in a stronger position to defend itself against any threats and to influence the forces with its strategy. The situation is fluid, and the nature and relative power of the forces will change. Thus, the need to monitor and stay aware is continuous. (Coate, Patricia , 2007) Some issues during the implementation of these analyses strategic are crucially important for organizations to build long-term business strategy and sustaining competitive advantages rather than simply list the forces. Successful use of the analysis includes identifying the sources of competition, the strength and likelihood of that competition existing, and strategic recommendations for the action a company should take in order to develop barriers to competition. (Researchmarkets, 2009) It is important to make sure that the sources are reliable and relevant to the current condition of the organization. It has to be viable, reliable and valid, in order to conduct a good analysis of the model. For this purpose, the gathered data and information has to be checked and be applied to the current business conditions. Further limitations could be present in the nature of market forces that reduce the applicability of the information sources to present situations and the amount of detailed information required. (Wikipedia, 2010) 4.0 Reference Question 1 Wikipedia (2010), Electronic arts, retrieved on February 12,2011 from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts Strategylabs (2010), Analysis of electronic arts, Retrieved on February 13,2011 from www.strategylabs.net/search-swot-analysis-of-electronic-arts_p8.asp Researchmarkets (2009), Swot analysis , Retrieved on February 12,2011 from www.researchandmarkets.com/reports//electronic_arts_swot_analysis Modelbenders (2009), Electronic arts, Retrieved on February 12, 2011 from www.modelbenders.com/papers/Smith_Game_Impact_Theory.pd E-library Emerald Insight Staff (1993), 1st ed., Strategic Management,    Emerald Group Pub lishing Ltd Sadler, Philip   (1993), 1st ed., Strategic Management , Kogan Page Ltd. Coate, Patricia (2007), 1st ed., Focus on strategic management ,   Emerald Group Publishing Ltd Question 2 Suggest why different approaches to strategy development might be appropriate in different organizations such as a university, a fashion retailer and a high technology company. Introduction A business strategy naturally is an article that obviously expressive the way an industry will pursue and the steps it will take to accomplish its objectives. In a quality of business plan, the business approach results from objectives created to support the stated assignment of the business. In the examination step of business plan development, one of several processes is applied to evaluate a firms market, resources, barriers to achievement and specific advantages. The aim of strategic examination is to classify what a business needs to achieve, the strengths it can bring to bear on achieving the objective and weaknesses that require to be addressed prior to combination and accomplishment. (Sadler, Philip   ,1993) Strategic consideration methodologies can comprise estimating the business circumstances, several of competitive situations, verifying what market forces are at work and ranking competitors, among others. Integrating a business approach typically is one of many steps in a larger production planning process. A business strategy starts with an overall vision. From the vision, a mission statement for the industry is constructed, regularly the shorter and more accurate the better. A mission guides to specific objectives the business will accomplish to complete its mission and that in turn guides to approach to attain goals. Specific plans are regularly then developed to support the business plan. (Coate, Patricia ,2007) Corporate strategy It is verifying the greatest plan to be competitive in the market. It assists to classifies, evaluates, and clarifies the main issues  facing productions to deliver insights corporations can apply to develop performance and achieve a competitive advantage. It is focused with the overall principle and scale of the business to meet stakeholder outlooks. This is an essential level since it is seriously influenced by investors in the production and performs to lead strategic decision-making throughout the business. Corporate strategy is frequently stated openly in an operation statement. The associations have a vision and a plan for accomplishing that vision. They apply that strategy through everything they accomplish. These great associations are able to make and capture value and situation themselves for better value. (Businessdictionary,2009) 2.1 Business unit strategy Strategic business unit (SBU) is focused more with how an industry competes profitably in an exacting marketplace. It focuses strategic decisions about option of goods, meeting wants of clients, gaining benefit over rivals, developing or making new opportunities. It is known as a business unit within the overall corporate identify which is distinguishable from other business because it serves a defined external market where management can conduct strategic planning in relation to products and markets. (Wikipedia ,2010) The unique small business unit advantages that a firm insistently promotes in a constant manner. When organizations become truly large, they are greatest thought of as being collected of a number of productions. These organizational units are large enough and standardized enough to exercise organize over most strategic issues influencing their performance. They are controlled as self contained planning units for which distinct business strategies can be enlarged. A strategic business unit can include an entire organization, or can basically be a smaller division of an organization set up to execute a specific job. The SBU has its own business approach, goals and rivals and these will frequently be dissimilar from those of the parent organization. (Wikipedia ,2010) Operational strategy It is focused with how each division of the business is managed to bring the company and business unit level strategic way. It concerns on problems of resources, progressions, and groups. The operating strategy intends to close the strategic gap between business strategy and accomplishment. It transforms the strategic objectives into obviously described achievement aims and aligns the implementation process to the value intention. The operating strategy consists of several parts starting with the operating business form as the basis for development, function, and technical and human performance style. An operating business form is the associations crucial logic for constantly accomplishing its principle goals. The desired outcome is to have a tactical to carry out the operating strategic plan. (Tmginconline ,2009) A number of the key essentials comprise classify required decisions and correlated issues for business process such as key production processes, managing approaches. Additionally, it gives creative ideas for operating problems and to make new value opportunities. It is a model to close business development gaps and to understand business value. It can be described as the business development direction based on the general vision. For example, key decisions and leading values for key business processes and managing approaches. (Tmginconline ,2009) 2.3 Olympia College Olympia College was established to meet the rising require for private top education in the country and is an associate of the well-known Raffles Education Group. There are choices of analysis of the strategic plan process within Olympia College. The operational strategy shows that direction into generating strategic competitive advantage in the development. Therefore, they can get a new system to structure their business functions and make sure the successful enlargement of their business in the competitive market. (Olympia ,2010) Strategic planning is a long range planning procedure that helps in setting the direction of Olympic College. The strategic plan originates from the colleges mission and strategic vision and gives detailed actionable strategies for moving towards planned outcomes. Moreover, they have to help student improvement toward objective completion. It is more purposeful and successful in their efforts to bring education at a distance, finalize and realize a long range distance education plan. (Olympia ,2010) However, they have to exploit community entrance to Olympic College, particularly for enlarge and apply an on-going enrollment management structure that informs instructional plans, student support services, and facilities planning. They are concerning attention on learning and to assist students, ability, personnel, and administrators perceive themselves as a society of beginners, encourage a college wide culture of measurement that embraces the consideration of learning outcomes and encourages the study of teaching and learning. (Olympia ,2010) 2.4 Padini Holdings Berhad Padini sells ladies shoes and accessories, childrens clothes, maternity wear and accessories through different subsidiaries. They can apply the business unit strategy to formulate and execute the plans that will give a competitively greater fit the situation and accomplish the organizational objectives. However, it can assist Padini to emphasize attention on a particular regional market or consumer group. The long term plan of Padini also wants to do the interior and exterior review to strengthen the situation in the global market. ( Padini, 2010) It shows a fashion viewpoint of each will covers a complete range of goods intended at a targeted customer. The corporation will carry on upgrading the image of its goods while emphasizing value and standard. It is successful grip in the productive but competitive womens footwear market. There are strategies to strengthen its dominant situation with enhanced production lines and increased competence. Having successfully impressed its brand names into the perception of Malaysian consumers, Padini is moving to turn its different labels into regionally familiar fashion leaders. It aims to fulfill the potential of the export market, particularly in the Asian region, and will also step up in foreign country marketing for its goods. ( Padini, 2010) 2.5 Dell INC. Dell Inc. is the top retailer of computer systems in the market. Dell sells desktop personal computers, notebook computers, network servers, and a diversity of computer software. They can apply the corporate strategy as a direction in which its production operations work together to get particular objectives. They implement that strategy for accomplishing their vision to build up a strong communication suppliers and customers relationships in the future. It helps Dell to find out the best strategy to be competitive in the marketplace. Thus, it will guide them to improve the work performance and gain a competitive advantage. (Dell, 2010) Dells objective is to generate loyal clients by providing better experience at a great value. They are devoted to direct relationships, giving best goods with standard based technology outperforming the rivalry with value and an advanced client experience. Dell is the association which is recognized worldwide for its approach of direct selling to the customers and business customers due to which it has obtained greater profits and has grabbed large market share from its rivals. As the business develops with the period of time it is largely enterprise strategy is becoming stronger, complicated and established. (Dell, 2010) Conclusion Nowadays, competitive market a strategy that assures a constant approach to offering the goods or services in a system that will outperform the competition is significant. However, in performance with defining the marketing strategy associations should also have a well defined method for the day to day progression of executing it. A cost leadership strategy is based on the idea that the associations can manufacture and market a high quality goods or services at a lower cost than their rivals. These low costs must transform to profit margins that are higher than the manufacturing average. Some of the circumstances that must exist to support a cost leadership strategy comprise an on-going accessibility of working capital, excellent process engineering abilities, and close management of work, goods designed for easiness of manufacturing and low cost distribution. (Emerald Insight Staff ,1993) It is important to know the market segment as described by the viewpoint characteristics associations have chosen as the objective for their offering. It is based on the criticality of the prospects require, their approach about alteration, the importance of the benefits, barriers that exist to integrating the offering into daily procedure and the reliability of the offering. The prospective for market penetration involves whether they are selling to past clients or a new outlook, how aware the forecasts are of what they are presenting, rivalry, growth rate of the manufacturing and demographics. The prospects willingness to give for product value is established by their understanding of competitive pricing, their capability to give and their want for characteristics such as value, stability and dependability, ease of utilize, consistency and steadiness. (Coate, Patricia ,2007) Oxygen Uptake Kinetics: Training Effect on Oxygen Uptake Oxygen Uptake Kinetics: Training Effect on Oxygen Uptake Oxygen Uptake Kinetics: Training Effect on Oxygen Uptake I. Introduction Respiration can be divided into two categories. Respiration may occur at the cellular level where oxygen is taken up in the mitochondrion and used to oxidize fuels or respiration can occur as gas exchange between the environment and the mitochondrion. The cellular respiration may be referred to as internal whereas gas exchange from the lung to tissue maybe referred to as external respiration (Mines 1993) The oxygen uptake – oxygen utilization system can be considered to start at the lungs and terminate in the mitochondrion, being joined by the blood. This may be seen as linking the lung and the muscle via the blood, Figure 1 (http://highperformancerowing.net/journal/2011/9/23/skeletal-muscle-master-or-slave-of-the-cardiovascular-system.html) The coupling of the uptake-utilization system can be further elucidated by outlining the oxygen cascade, figure 2, which links the lung to the muscle through the blood i.e. the respiratory, circulatory and metabolic systems. Figure 2. Oxygen pressure profile from the environment to the mitochondrion. (http://www.bio.miami.edu/tom/courses/bil360/bil360s12.html) The PO2 (partial pressure of Oxygen) can be calculated by multiplying Pb x FO2 (Pb = 760 mmHg) and the lowering of the components may lower the maximal VO2 (Mines 93). The PO2 from the trachea to the mitochondria decrease due to water vapour pressure, ventilation/perfusion mismatch, diffusion difficulties, right to left shunt and cellular uptake with the lowest PO2 being in the mitochondrion ( about 2mmHg). In the mitochondrion oxygen is used to oxidise hydrogen ions and carbon ions to water and carbon dioxide, respectively. This being the ultimate purpose of the oxygen delivery system (Mines 93). VO2 kinetics is dependent on cardiac output and arterio-venous oxygen difference and is represented by the equation below also called Ficks Law VO2 = Q (Ca O2 – Cv 02) Q= cardiac output (Stroke volume x heart rate) Ca 02= concentration of Oxygen in arterial blood Cv O2= concentration of oxygen in venous blood Ca 02 – Cv 02 = represents the oxygen extraction and consumption at the tissues Varying any of the components of the equation may also vary the oxygen uptake kinetics. The diffusion (and maybe uptake) of any gas across a barrier Figure 3, can also be described using Grahams Law: V = D A (P1 – P2) / T V=volume flow of gas D= constant solubility A = Area of diffusion P1 and P2 = partial pressure of gas on each side of the barrier Figure 3. The alveolar-capillary membrane. Oxygen must transverse some distance to reach the blood cell (http://www.diatronic.co.uk/nds/webpub/gaseous_exchange.htm) This paper will try to shed some light on oxygen uptake kinetics, describing the various components of uptake and how oxygen kinetics are influenced by various intensities of exercise. Also, the various mechanisms of oxygen uptake as well as differences in different populations will be reviewed. The paper focuses on the training effect on oxygen uptake.   II. Oxygen Uptake Kinetics A. Description: Oxygen uptake kinetics can be explained as all those processes involved in the taking of oxygen from the lung and delivering it to the mitochondrion where it is consumed by the working muscle. Figure 4 illustrates the various components of the uptake curve. VO2 kinetics for moderate exercise can be described as a monoexponetial curve with first order dynamics that rises to some steady state. Figure 4. VO2 uptake versus time. EPOC is Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption or Oxygen Debt (http://blitzconditioning.com/epoc-what-is-it/) B. Importance of Oxygen uptake kinetics Understanding the link between lung, blood and tissues and how oxygen passes through each compartment, may provide some insight to improve diffusion, delivery and utilization fo oxygen to enhance performance. The uptake kinetics, once understood, may provide sports medicine scientists with a tool to help sick children, patients, and athletes to modify or enhance their performance. Analysis for the time course to steady state and the various factors which affect it can be correlated with various populations to help determine how these factors can be manipulated. C. Three phases of oxygen uptake kinetics: Phases 1 and 2 can be considered to be dynamic whereas phase 3 to be steady state. Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Figure 5, Three phases of Oxygen uptake (www.medscape.com) 1. Phase 1: This initial, immediate phase is called the cardio-dynamic phase as many researchesr (Whipp et al 82 and Sietsema 92) have noted that this phase is due to increased pulmonary blood flow rather than changes in arterio – venous difference. In this phase, mixed venous gas tensions have not changes and closely approximates the time required for metabolites released from the exercising muscles to reach the lungs (Whipp et al 82). The time course of this phase is between 15 – 20 seconds (Sietsema 92) and may show an abrupt response, from rest to work, or relatively slower response, from mild exercise to work (Whipp et al 82). 2. Phase 2: This more gradual phase or rapid component is due to the changing kinetics of cellular metabolism and a further increase in pulmonary blood flow (Whipp et al 1980). This phase represents the slower exponential rise to steady state with a time course of 1.5 – 2 min (Linnarson 74) and a fall in the VCO2/VO2 ratio is an indicator for the beginning of phase 2 (Sietsema et al 86). 3. Phase 3: This phase represents the steady state or slow component where oxygen delivery equals oxygen utilization (Sietsema 92), also, Wasserman et al 1967, indicates that a true steady state is not achieved until the concentration of lactate becomes constant. The steady state is reached an about 3 min after the onset of exercise (Diamond et al 1977). D. Oxygen uptake at various intensities of exercise 1. Onset of exercise At the onset of exercise there is an almost parallel increase in cardiac output which leads to increased pulmonary blood flow and rate of pulmonary gas exchange (Whipp and Mahler 1980). Due to stored oxygen and carbon dioxide in the muscle and the venous blood, the rate of pulmonary gas exchange doesn’t equal that in the tissues before reaching the steady state. (Whipp and Mahler 1980). Whipp and Mahler 1980 also indicate that the coupled system is not perfect in that their exists a time delay between gas exchange in the muscle and it expression at the lung and that the VO2 at the mouth may not reflect what happening in the muscle in the first few seconds of exercise. The rate of gas exchange depending on a. Responses of cardiac and pulmonary blood flow to exercise b. Metabolic change dynamics c. Wash in and wash out of gases in body stores 2. Moderate Exercise Moderate is defined as being sub maximal or oxygen uptake less the anaerobic threshold (a VO2 above which there is sustained increase in blood lactate or carbon dioxide output secondary to bicarbonate buffing of lactic acid). In this intensity of exercise, VO2 rises to steady state by a monoexponential (first order) time course and VO2 steady state increases proportionally to the work rate (Whipp and Mahler 1980). At this intensity ADP accumulates and there is increased glycogen breakdown (Astrand et al 1977) 3. Heavy Exercise This intensity is described as VO2 between the anaerobic threshold, AT, and VO2 max, figure 5. With work intensities above the AT, blood lactate begins to play a role in oxygen uptake kinetics making it more complicated, needing a slow and fast component to describe the response ( Whipp and Mahler 1980 and Whipp et al 1982), the dynamics of which could be described as second order (Linnarson 1974). Whipp and Mahler also indicate that the greater the increase in lactate, the larger is the proportionate contribution of the slower component, and that the time constant is prolonged at this intensity (Linnarson 1974). With heavy exercise and the production of lactate, VO2 continues to rise beyond 3 minutes, the VO2 drift as Casaburi et al 1987 calls it. Severe exercise allows high blood lactate from the anaerobic system to be reached until the exercise becomes unbearable (Whipp and Mahler 1980). Whipp 1972, shows that the time to steady state greatly increases with increasing work rates above the AT. Figure 5, Oxygen uptake at various intensities of exercise (http://www.sport-fitness-advisor.com/VO2max.html) III. Training Effect on Oxygen Uptake It is a known fact that training improves body performance in some way. Endurance athletes also tend to have greater VO2 due to improved cardiac output and greater arterio-venous differences. Hickson et al 1978 reports a faster rate of VO2 to attaining steady state in the trained than in the untrained state. This indicates that trained individuals reach steady state faster than non trained individuals. Hickson et al also indicates that VO2 time course is determined not only by relative work but also by the level of training. Zhang et al 1991, also found that VO2 kinetics are slower in less fit subjects and Whipp and Wasserman also confirm that VO2 kinetics are faster in more fit individuals. Zhang et al. suggest that a faster kinetics may indicate that in fit subjects the aerobic ATP flux is greater that the anaerobic ATP flux. Casaburi et al 1987 and Yoshida 91, have shown that blood lactate levels can be decreased with endurance training and also suggest that lactate can be correlated to the delayed rise in VO2 (the Vo2 drift). The increase in muscle mitochondria with endurance training may be a factor in improving oxygen uptake kinetics. Biochemical adaptations that occur in the muscle, such as increased mitochondrion size, number and increased capacity for oxidation may increase oxygen uptake kinetics (Girandola 73) which plays a role in uptake kinetics. Berry 1985 indicates that there is an increased capillary density and fiber area with training which may improve oxygen kinetics. One point that Berry 1985 makes is that interval training and steady state training both decrease the time constant, but interval training was found to have a greater effect on the time constant. A. Oxygen uptake in trained athletes differing in VO2 max Those individuals with a higher VO2 max are also found to reach a steady state faster when work is held constant, that is, the lower the VO2 max then the longer time needed for VO2 to reach steady state. Powers et al 1985 indicate that in highly trained individuals with similar training habits, those with a higher VO2 max may achieve a more rapid VO2 adjustment at the onset of work; also, it seems possible that a larger aerobic capacity could contribute to either a more rapid oxygen transport or a higher rate of utilization B. The influence of endurance training on mitochondrial oxygen consumption Michail T.et al 2000, conclude that short term training increases maximal mitochondrial oxidative power in human skeletal muscle, whereas the efficiency of aerobic energy production remains unchanged. Michail T et al 2000, also indicate that muscle antioxidative defense systems were unaffected by training, but there was an increase in mitochondrial content. Endurance training increased peak pulmonary O2 uptake by 24 % and maximal ADP-stimulated mitochondrial oxygen consumption by 40 % (Michail et al 2000) C. Effect of Interval training (IT) versus continuous training on mitochondrial functions: Frà ©dà ©ric N. Daussin et al 2008 showed that a constant workload and O2 uptake during CT induces a higher increase of muscular capillary density than IT. Only high and fluctuating workload and O2uptake during IT improve skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, which seems to be crucial in increasing VÃÅ'†¡O2kinetics, and VÃÅ'†¡O2max, even if both training programs resulted in the same global energy expenditure and training duration IV. Conclusions In conclusion, oxygen uptake kinetics describes the processes that occur at the lung, in the blood and in the muscle to ultimately oxidize fuels into water and carbon dioxide. These systems are intimately linked together and it is the job of sports medicine scientists to identify the various factors and limitations that govern VO2 kinetics. This paper reviews background information on oxygen uptake kinetics with focus on training effect on uptake. VO2 kinetics can be described for moderate intensity, constant load work, as a monoexponential curve to some steady state, the dynamic non steady state being referred to as Phase 1 and 2 while phase 3 being the steady state. The duration of each phase, and hence oxygen kinetics, is influenced by intensity of exercise (light, moderate or heavy) and the duration of exercise. The mechanisms that govern may be peripheral, those processes that involve uptake and utilization in the muscle, or central, those processes in the respiratory and circulatory compartment and everywhere else in the body. The creatine phosphate shuttle hypothesis is the closest to resemble the VO2 kinetics and may be a major player in the VO2 game. VO2 kinetics is seen to be slowed in cardiac and pulmonary disease patients and these individuals are overall limited in the exercise they can do. When prescribing exercise, VO2 kinetics analysis maybe helpful as an indicator of the â€Å"fitness â€Å"of the system and hence which sports are more suitable. From the discussion in the previous sections, it is seen that training may affect mechanisms of VO2. It is known that cardiac output (i.e. stroke vol. X HR), and capillarity are increased with endurance training. These are the central limitations. Also training may affect peripheral limitations, by increasing the size and number of mitochondrion and hence metabolic and oxygen capacities. The increased extraction of oxygen and the increased cardiac output both increase VO2. Since increased exercise increases mitochondrion respiration this may decrease production of lactate which may decrease VO2 drift. Correlating mechanisms with different populations, it can be seen that pulmonary and cardiac patients have lower V02 max and therefore lower VO2. Heart disease also decreases cardiac output and this leads to decreased capacity to deal with metabolic needs. These patients are also limited by oxygen transport and blood flow changes. In the older population ( 60 + years old), kinetics are usually somewhat slower but with physical training the kinetics become faster and are comparable to those of young fit individuals (Babcock et al 1994) References / Bibliography Astrand PO, Rodahl K 1977. Texbook of work physiology. McGraw Hill, New York Babcock MA, Paterson DH, and Cunningham, 1994. Effects of Aerobic endurance training on gas exchange kinetics of older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Vol 26, No 4, 447 452 Berry M, Moritani T, 1985. The effects of various training intensities on the kinetics of oxygen consumption. J Sports Med. 25: 77-83 Diamond LB, Casaburi R, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ 1977. Kinetics of gas exchange and ventilation in transitions from rest to prior exercise. J. Appl Physiol 43: 704-708 Hickson, R.,H. Bomze and J Holloszy. 1978. Faster adjustment of oxygen uptake to the energy requirement of exercise in the trained state. J. Appl. Physiol. 44: 877-881 Casaburi R., Storer T.W., Ben-Dov I., Wasserman K. 1987. Effects of endurance training on possible determinants of VO2 during heavy exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 62: 199-207 Frederic N Daussin, Joffery Zoll, Stepnane P Dufour, Elodie Ponsot, Evelyne Lonsdorfer-Wolf, Stephane Doutreleau, Bertrand Mettauer, Francois Piquard, Bernard Geny, Ruddy Richard. Effect of Interval versus continous training on cardiorespiratory and mitochondrial functions: relationship to aerobic performance improvements in sedentary subjects. Am L of Physiol – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. July 1 2008 Vol. 295 no 1 R264 72 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu. 00875.2007 Girandola, R.N., and F. I. Katch, 1973. Effects of physical conditioning in changes in exercise and recovery oxygen uptake and efficiency during constant load ergometer exercise. Med Sci. Sports 5: 242-247 Linnarson, D. 1974. Dynamics of pulmonary gas exchange and heart rate changes at start and end of exercise. Acta. Phys. Scand, 415: 1-68 Michail Tonkonogi,Brandon Walsh, Michael Svensson and Kent Sahlin. Mitochondrial function and antioxidative defence in human muscle: effects of endurance training and oxidative stress. The Journal of Physiology. Volume 528,Issue 2,pages 379–388,October 2000. Mines AH, 1993. Respiratory Physioogy. Third edition, New York, Raven press Sietsema KE, 1992. Oxygen uptake kinetics in response to ecercise in patoents with pulmonary vascular disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145: 1052 – 1057 Sietsema KE, Cooper DM, Perloff JF, Rosove MH, Child JS, Canobbio MM, Whipp BJ, and Wasserman K, 1986. Dynamics of oxygen uptake during exercise in adults with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Cirulation 73: 1137 1144 Wassserman K, Van Kessel HL, Burtox GG, 1967. Interaction of the physiological mechanisims during exercise J. Appl. Physiol. 22: 71-85 Whipp BJ, Ward SS, Lamarra N, Davis JA, and Wasserman K, 1982. Parameters of ventilator and gas exchange dynamics during exercise. J Appl. Physiol 52 (6): 1506 – 1513 Whipp BJ, and M Mahler, 1980. Dynamics of pulmonary gas exchange during exercise. Pulmonary Gas Exchange, edited by JB West. New York: Academic, vol. II p 33-96 Whipp B.J., and Wasserman K. 1972. Oxygen uptake Kinetics for various intensities of constant work load. J. Appl. Physiol. 33: 351-356 Yoshida T, Udo M, Ohmori T, Matsumoto Y, Uramoto T, Yamamoto K, 1992. Day to day changes in oxugen uptake kinetics at the onset of exercise during strenuous endurance training. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 64: 78-83 Zhang Y.Y, M.C Johson, N. Chow, and K wasserman. The role of fitness on VO2 and VCO2 kinetics in response to proportional step increases in work rate. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 63: 94-100 https://www.google.com/search?q=oxygen+uptake+kinetics+pics www.medscape.com http://www.sport-fitness-advisor.com/VO2max.html http://blitzconditioning.com/epoc-what-is-it/ http://www.diatronic.co.uk/nds/webpub/gaseous_exchange.htm http://www.bio.miami.edu/tom/courses/bil360/bil360s12.html http://highperformancerowing.net/journal/2011/9/23/skeletal-muscle-master-or-slave-of-the-cardiovascular-system.html 1