Supermax Prisons - Problem or Solution Research Paper

Supermax Prisons - Problem or Solution - Research Paper Example Supermax prisons assist in general protection of prison staff members and inmate populations. Jurisdictions using Supermax Instituions During the past two decades Super-max prisons were rare in the United States. This is contrary to current situation where two-thirds of states have implemented the use of supermax facilities with capacity of housing as many inmates as possible. According to King (1999), supermax prisons accommodated approximately 20,000 inmates a figure estimated to be close to 2% of total federal and state inmates with different service sentences. By the year 1999, almost two-thirds of states adopted supermax prisons. However, survey by National Institute of Corrections (NIC) in 1996, indicated that in 1984, a single prison was used as supermax facility. The constitution provided for legislative branch which formed the first part of the Constitution indicating the existence of Congress consisting of House of Representatives and Senate. The two branches performed diff erent tasks. Congress performed tasks such as collection of taxes, regulation of Commerce, defense amongst others (Lowi et al, 2010). There was the Executive, Legislature and the judicial branches of government. The executive comprises of the President, while the judicial branch was endowed with the responsibility of checking for democracy and guarding against interference with liberty and property. The constitution at the same time provided for national Unity and power amongst American citizens and all states. The process of amending the constitution was provided for in Article V with article VII providing for rules for ratification of the document (Lowi et al, 2010). Arguments for and against Proponents of supermax institutions argue that the rate of toughness as exhibited by the inmate population, increased gang activities as well as various difficulties government encounter in the process of maintaining order within severely crowded prisons encourages the use of supermax facilit ies. Further, proponents of supermax facilities view the kind of harshness within the facility from positive perspective since such conditions prevents other inmates from indulging in further criminal activities within prisons. At the same time, they support order and safety as crucial part in management of prisons (Riveland, 1999). The modern-day supermax prisons is a replica for concentration model, which promotes creation of specific units capable of managing specified hardcore inmates, Alcatraz was one of such institution. However, it was closed by Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and replaced with new, specialized high-security prison located in Marion, IIIinois. The levels of violence and assaults against prison staff and other inmates increased in early 1970s (King, 1999). Due such cases, opponents argue on the presence of so many negative elements resulting from such institutions. However, such agreement ignored the nature of cooperation on the ground at the presence of all organizat ions making any meetings on the political and security domain informal. From economic perspective, building and operations of supermax prisons costs higher compared to traditional maximum security prisons. At the same time, there is less evidence on whether the institutions lead towards improvement of in-mate behavior throughout prison systems. There is also no evidence on wheth

Defining the Word Hot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Defining the Word Hot - Essay Example Perhaps the primary reference of the word hot is a high temperature. During the summer, weather temperatures could go as high as a hundred degrees Fahrenheit or even higher. In Dubai, it has recorded 122 degrees Fahrenheit high. This is an extremely high temperature for humans and animals so that they need to stay indoors more often and have relied on air-conditioners to lower the temperature. When people need to go out, they should have something to block them from the sun such as an umbrella and they should also carry water to quench their thirst brought about by the high temperature. Obviously, the heat of the sun is a big factor affecting this hot temperature during summer. With no clouds to block the sun, the earth’s direct exposure to it elevates the temperature and therefore makes people perspire as a result of the hotness of the atmosphere. Similarly, hot is often associated with fire which is used to cook food or to make the house warm during winter.  Secondly, the word hot can also refer to a person’s hot-headedness. This association is most probably based on the fact that an angry person has an elevated blood pressure that causes his face to become red especially with white men. When a person is angry, his heart beats faster and pumps blood more rapidly which explains the increased blood pressure. Consequently, the temperature of the man also rises like a person suffering from the fever so that, in relation to the discussion above, an angry person is called hot. The process allows more blood on the head and changes the color of one’s face. Therefore, this could also be associated with the blood. Blood and the heart are identified with the color red. Moreover, a fire which emits some reddish glow or the color of ember or glowing coal is red. Blood, heart, and anger are all interconnected and this is the reason why an angry person is also referred to as hot-tempered. The term is the opposite of the slang word â€Å"cool†.